After a brief war, Louis the Stammerer's young sons, Carloman II and Louis III, ceded western Lotharingia to Louis. In 923 king Henry the Fowler of East Francia used this opportunity and invaded Lotharingia (including Alsace). Because Lotharingia lacked a single historic or ethnic identity, contemporaries were unsure what to call it and so it became regnum quondam Lotharii or regnum Lotharii ("kingdom [once] Lothair's") and its inhabitants Lotharii (from Lotharius), Lotharienses (from Lothariensis), or Lotharingi (which gives the modern Dutch, German, and Luxembourgish names for the province Lotharingen, Lothringen, and Lothringen respectively). A decade of civil war and fluctuating alliances followed, punctuated by brief periods of peace. Lotharingia was born out of the tripartite division in 855 of the kingdom of Middle Francia, which itself was formed after the threefold division of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun of 843. Reginar was succeeded by his son Gilbert who used the title dux Lotharingiae: "duke of Lotharingia". In 817, emperor Louis the Pious made plans for division of the Carolingian Empire among his three sons after his death. In 925 Lotharingians under Gilbert elected Henry the Fowler to be their king. The weak Louis IV had no choice but to agree to Otto's continued suzerainty over Lotharingia.

The border between the two kingdoms was established at Saint-Quentin in 880 by the Treaty of Ribemont.

This article is a stub. Unforeseen in 817 was a further heir besides Louis's three grown sons.

With the disappearance of a "lower" Lorraine, the duchy of Upper Lorraine became the primary referent for "Lorraine" within the Holy Roman Empire. To the middle son, Lothair II, went the remaining territories to the north of Provence, a kingdom which lacked ethnic or linguistic unity. In 1766 the duchy was inherited by the French crown and became Lorraine. It is the story of a place between places. Middle Francia (Latin Francia media) thus included all the land between Aachen and Rome and it has sometimes been called by historians the "Lotharingian axis". When non-Carolingian Conrad I of Germany was elected king of East Francia in 911, Lotharingian nobles under the new duke Reginar voted to attach their duchy to West Francia, still ruled by the Carolingian dynasty. Except for one brief period (1033–44, under Gothelo I), the division was never reversed and the margraves soon raised their separate fiefs into duchies. After centuries of French invasions and occupations, Lorraine was finally ceded to France at the close of the War of the Polish Succession (1737).

Rudolph had intended to make himself king over the whole of Lothair II's former kingdom, but had to be content with Burgundia. In his turn, Otto I accepted homage from West Francia's Hugh the Great and Herbert II, Count of Vermandois at Attigny in 942.

In 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War, the northern portions of Lorraine were merged with Alsace to become the province of Alsace-Lorraine in the German Empire. Lotharingia was born out of the tripartite division in 855 of the kingdom of Middle Francia, which itself was formed after the threefold division of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun of 843. Later French terms like "Lorraine" and "Lothier" are derived from this Latin term. I think it’s fairly balanced by Lotharingia taking a while to form in one of the more difficult starting positions but they would definitely be quite fun to play once they get going. "Shadow Kingdom: Lotharingia and the Frankish World, c.850–c.1050".

Today the greater part of the French side of the Franco-German border belongs to the Lorraine region of France.

A fourth son, Charles the Bald, was born to Louis's second wife Judith of Bavaria in 823.

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