[2]The Islamic historian Hillenbrand has compared Islamic politics of the time to the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 using the phrase "familiar political entities gave way to disorientation and disunity".
[66] Within months, Saladin succeeded his dead uncle Shirkuh. [112] Society was politically and legally stratified. In January 1198, the widowed Queen Isabella married Aimery of Cyprus. [157], In contrast to architecture and sculpture, it is in the area of visual culture that the assimilated nature of the society was demonstrated. The remaining central control was exercised at the Haute Cour or High Court although only the 13th century jurists used this term. Armenians were concentrated in the north, but communities existed in all major towns. Thus, by the middle of the 13th century, the rulers of the communes were barely required to recognise the authority of the crusaders and divided Acre into several fortified miniature republics. R. C. Smail argued that Rey, and the like, had identified an integrated society which did not exist in order to justify French colonial regimes. [133] The barons of Jerusalem in the 13th century have been poorly regarded by both contemporary and modern commentators: James of Vitry was disgusted by their superficial rhetoric; Riley-Smith writes of their pedantry and the use of spurious legal justification for political action. In 1092, he was killed in conflict with the Great Seljuk Empire.
[126], In the second quarter of the century magnates such as Raynald of Châtillon, Lord of Oultrejordain, and Raymond III, Count of Tripoli, Prince of Galilee established of baronial dynasties and often acted as autonomous rulers.
Small believe it was this was the result of obstruction by Guy’s baronial enemies. This had begun in the 9th century with rulers utilising Turkic nomads as slave soldiers. The appointment of Latin bishops had little effect on the Arabic-speaking Orthodox Christians because the previous bishops were also foreign, from the Byzantine Empire. [167] Christopher Tyerman points out the challenges are not a return to older theories, the sources remain the same and the archeological materials are virtually unprovable. [35] In Western Europe at that time an advocate, or advocatus, was a layman responsible for the protection and administration of Church estates. The Franks typically spoke Old French and wrote in Latin. Nobles such as Theobald I of Navarre and Richard of Cornwall followed Frederick’s tactics of forceful diplomacy and played rival factions off against each other in the succession disputes in Egypt and Syria that following Sultan Al-Kamil's death. [109] Some were planned villages, established to encourage settlers from the West and some were shared with native Christians. Wall mosaics were unknown in the west but in widespread use in the crusader states. [161] Prawer estimated that the military orders could match the king's fighting strength giving a total military strength of approximately 1,200 knights and 10,000 serjants. More than a decade of baronial resistance to Imperial authority ended in 1243 when the barons captured Tyre. The Greek Orthodox Church was considered part of the universal Church, which enabled the replacement of Orthodox bishops by Latin clerics in coastal towns. Tyre, Beirut and Sidon all surrendered without a fight.
According to Terricus by August the kingdom only retained Jerusalem, Ascalon, Tyre and Beirut. The Military Orders and barons supported various sides.
[110] In context, Josiah Russell estimates the population of what he calls "Islamic territory" as roughly 12.5 million in 1000—Anatolia 8 million, Syria 2 million, Egypt 1.5 million and North Africa 1 million — with the European areas that provided crusaders having a population of 23.7 million.
It may have been a desire for penance through warfare. [15] In the same year, the vizier and effective ruler of the Seljuk Empire, Nizam al-Mulk, the Sultan Malik-Shah, the Mamluk Armenian vizier of Egypt Badr al-Jamali and the Fatimid khalif, Al-Mustansir Billah all died. Bertrand acknowledged King Baldwin I's suzerainty despite William Jordan having been Tancred's vassal.
The commune of Antioch renewed its allegiance to Bohemond IV, although a number of the nobility felt compelled to support Raymond-Roupen and joined him in Cilicia.
[115] He attempted to hire Baldwin and his men as mercenaries in the fight with the Turks and for control of Christian subjects in a city wracked with factional conflict. 13th century charters indicate this increased after the loss of the first kingdom redressing the Franks’ lost income. He captured Tartus, Gibelet and besieged to Tripoli.
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